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Книги » Электротехника: Electric Motors and Control Systems

добавил: MIHAIL62

29-10-2014, 09:08

Название: Electric Motors and Control Systems
Автор: Frank Petruzella
Издательство: McGraw-Hill
Год: 2010
Страниц: 298
Язык: Английский

This book has been written for a course of study that will introduce the reader to a broad range of motor types and control systems. It provides an overview of electric motor operation, selection, installation, control and maintenance. Every effort has been made in this first edition text to present the most up-to-date information which reflects the current needs of the industry. The broad based approach taken makes this text viable for a variety of motors and control systems courses.
Content is suitable for colleges, technical institutions, vocational/technical schools as well as apprenticeship and journeymen training. Electrical apprentices and journeymen will find this book to be invaluable due to Electrical Code references applicable to the installation of new control systems and motors, as well as information on maintenance and troubleshooting techniques. Personnel involved in the motor maintenance and repair will find this book to be a useful reference text. The text is comprehensive! It includes coverage of how motors operate in conjunction with their associated control circuitry. Both older and newer motor technologies are examined. Topics covered range from motor types and controls to installing and maintaining conventional controllers, electronic motor drives and programmable logic controllers.

Table Of Contents

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Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Walkthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x ii
Chapter 1 Safety in the Workplace 1
Part 1 Protecting against Electrical Shock . . . . . . . . . 1
Electrical Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Part 2 Grounding—Lockout—Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Grounding and Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lockout and Tagout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Electrical Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 2 Understanding Electrical Drawings 14
Part 1 Symbols—Abbreviations—Ladder
Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Motor Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Abbreviations for Motor Terms . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Motor Ladder Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Part 2 Wiring—Single Line—Block Diagrams . . . . . 21
Wiring Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Single-Line Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Part 3 Motor Terminal Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Motor Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
DC Motor Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
AC Motor Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Part 4 Motor Nameplate and Terminology . . . . . . . . 32
NEC Required Nameplate Information . . . . . 32
Optional Nameplate Information . . . . . . . . . . 34
Guide to Motor Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Part 5 Manual and Magnetic Motor Starters . . . . . . . 37
Manual Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Magnetic Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3 Motor Transformers and
Distribution Systems 40
Part 1 Power Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Transmission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unit Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Switchboards and Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Motor Control Centers (MCCs) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Part 2 Transformer Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Transformer Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Transformer Voltage, Current, and
Turns Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Transformer Power Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Part 3 Transformer Connections and Systems . . . . . 53
Transformer Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Single-Phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Three-Phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Instrument Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter 4 Motor Control Devices 60
Part 1 Manually Operated Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Primary and Pilot
Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Toggle Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pushbutton Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Pilot Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Selector Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Drum Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Part 2 Mechanically Operated Switches . . . . . . . . . . 66
Limit Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Temperature Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Pressure Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Float and Flow Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Part 3 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Proximity Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Photoelectric Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Hall Effect Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Ultrasonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Velocity and Position Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Magnetic Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Part 4 Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Solenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Solenoid Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Stepper Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Servo Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Part 1 Motor Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Motor Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Part 2 Direct Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Permanent-Magnet DC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Series DC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Shunt DC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Compound DC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Direction of Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Motor Counter Electromotive Force (CEMF) . . 96
Armature Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Speed Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Varying DC Motor Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
DC Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Part 3 Three-Phase Alternating Current Motors . . . 101
Rotating Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Wound-Rotor Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Three-Phase Synchronous Motor . . . . . . . . . 107
Part 4 Single-Phase Alternating Current Motors . . . 109
Split-Phase Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Split-Phase Capacitor Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Shaded-Pole Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Universal Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Part 5 Alternating Current Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . 114
Variable-Frequency Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Inverter Duty Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Part 6 Motor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Mechanical Power Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Code Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Design Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Energy-Efficient Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Frame Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Full-Load Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Load Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Motor Temperature Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Duty Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Motor Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Metric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Part 7 Motor Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Motor and Load Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Motor Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Conductor Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Voltage Levels and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Built-in Thermal Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Part 8 Motor Maintenance and Troubleshooting . . . 128
Motor Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Troubleshooting Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Chapter 6 Contactors and Motor Starters 135
Part 1 Magnetic Contactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Switching Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Contactor Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Arc Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Part 2 Contactor Ratings, Enclosures, and
Solid-State Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
NEMA Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
IEC Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Contactor Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Solid-State Contactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Part 3 Motor Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Magnetic Motor Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Motor Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Motor Overload Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 7 Relays 159
Part 1 Electromechanical Control Relays . . . . . . . . 159
Relay Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Relay Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Relay Styles and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . 161
Part 2 Solid-State Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Switching Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Part 3 Timing Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Motor-Driven Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Dashpot Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Solid-State Timing Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Timing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Multifunction and PLC Timers . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Part 4 Latching Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Mechanical Latching Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Magnetic Latching Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Latching Relay Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Alternating Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Part 5 Relay Control Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Control Circuit Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . 176
AND Logic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
OR Logic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Combination Logic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 177
NOT Logic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
NAND Logic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
NOR Logic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Chapter 8 Motor Control Circuits 180
Part 1 NEC Motor Installation Requirements . . . . . 180
Sizing Motor Branch Circuit
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Branch Circuit Motor Protection . . . . . . . . . 181
Selecting a Motor Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Disconnecting Means for
Motor and Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Providing a Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Part 2 Motor Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Full-Voltage Starting of AC
Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Reduced-Voltage Starting of
Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
DC Motor Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Part 3 Motor Reversing and Jogging . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Reversing of AC Induction Motors . . . . . . . . 198
Reversing of DC Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Jogging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Part 4 Motor Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Plugging and Antiplugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Dynamic Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
DC Injection Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Electromechanical Friction Brakes . . . . . . . . 206
Part 5 Motor Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Multispeed Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Wound-Rotor Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Chapter 9 Motor Control Electronics 211
Part 1 Semiconductor Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Diode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Rectifier Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Zener Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Light-Emitting Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Photodiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Part 2 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) . . . . . . . . . 217
Field-Effect Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor (MOSFET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) . . . . 222
Part 3 Thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) . . . . . . 224
Triac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Part 4 Integrated Circuits (ICs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Operational Amplifier ICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
555 Timer IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Electrical Discharge (ESD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Digital Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Chapter 10 Adjustable-Speed Drives
and PLC Installations 237
Part 1 AC Motor Drive Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Variable-Frequency Drives (VFD) . . . . . . . . 238
Volts per Hertz Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Flux Vector Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Part 2 VFD Installation and Programming
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Selecting the Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Line and Load Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Mounting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Operator Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Electromagnetic Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Bypass Contactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Motor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Ramping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Control Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Motor Nameplate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Derating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Types of Variable-Frequency Drives . . . . . . . 252
PID Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Parameter Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Diagnostics and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . 254
Part 3 DC Motor Drive Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . 256
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
DC Drives—Principles of Operation . . . . . . 256
Single-Phase Input—DC Drive . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Three-Phase Input—DC Drive . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Field Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Nonregenerative and Regenerative
DC Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Parameter Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Part 4 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) . . . 263
PLC Sections and Configurations . . . . . . . . . 263
Ladder Logic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Programming Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Programming Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Ключевые теги: Electric, Motors

Содержание Оглавление

Цифровые системы управления электроприводов

Следующий пост >>Защита от замыканий на землю в электроустановках карьеров

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