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Книги » Силовая электроника: Troubleshooting Switching Power Converters: A Hands-on Guide
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 Просмотров: 1054 добавил: MIHAIL62 30-08-2014, 22:41
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Название: Troubleshooting Switching Power Converters: A Hands-on Guide
Автор: Sanjaya Maniktala
Издательство: Newnes
Год: 2008
Страниц: 310
Язык: Английский
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This book presents practical knowledge the author acquired rather painfully, while working "in the trenches" for several years in major engineering companies scattered across several continents. This is intended to be the mythical senior engineer's "bag of tricks," finally made available in the form of an easy-to-read book on your shelf. This book will make life for the ambitious power supply engineer much simpler --- besides reducing significantly, the rigorous requirement of having to be a senior engineer's prot©g© for years on end, just to gain a small measure of real success in this field.
* A practical presentation that answers the important question: why is my switching converter behaving so differently than what I was expecting on the basis of my paper design? And how do I bridge that huge gap?
* For the first time, a systematic and thorough discussion of troubleshooting switching power supplies.
* Coverage of AC/DC and DC/DC power supplies.
* Bench Evaluation of semiconductor ICs used in power conversion - describing standard and unusual techniques mastered by the author, while testing similar chips at National Semiconductor.
* Detailed coverage of vital topics that haven't been covered by available sources --- grounding systems, the subtleties of component datasheets, and using instruments and probes effectively.
* Systematic investigation (type of failure mechanism, topology, etc.) and solutions for 5 years of reported power supply issues on a prominent, public web forum. This approach will ensure that engineers will not repeat the same mistakes.
* A unique, readable style: personal and direct; no mystification - just the plain truth, easily and logically explained, with plenty of pictures, graphs and plots.
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter 1: Thinking Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Practice and Theory: Two Sides of the Same Coin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Leave Your Past Perceptions Behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Choose Your Friends Carefully . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Finding Solutions that Converge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Ripple Effect in Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Experience Does Count; No Ifs, Ands, or Buts about That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Never Ignore a Problem Until It Is Too Late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Know Your Instruments Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Heatseekers: On the Road with Symptomatic Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Causality Can Be the First Casualty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
To “Errr” Is Human. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Learn from (Their) Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Problem with Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 2: High-Frequency Effects and the Importance of Input Decoupling . . . . 33
Lies, Damn Lies, and Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Occupational Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Watch the Feedback Trace Closely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Physical Distances Become Critical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Estimating Harmonic Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
High-Frequency Input Decoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Don’t Forget to Place that 0.1F Ceramic Capacitor Really Close to the IC . . . . . . . . . 49
You Need Bulk Capacitance, Too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Where Is the “Missing” Current Coming From? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Check Your Bench Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Lack of Bulk Capacitance and/or Too Much ESR Can Play Havoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Single Ceramic Capacitor for Both Noise and Ripple? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The Control Also Needs a Clean Supply Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Boost Topology Decoupling Is Slightly Different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 3: Output Noise and Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Measuring Output Noise and Ripple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 4: Using Capacitors Wisely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Part 1: Aluminum Electrolytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Part 2: Ceramic Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 5: Maximizing the Effectiveness of the Ground Plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
How to Parallel Output Capacitors for Proper Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Integrated Switcher IC Solutions Versus Controller IC Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Quick Check on Current through Aluminum Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Secondary Side Trace Inductances and Their Impact on Effi ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Current Return Paths in the Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Paralleling Traces to Reduce Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Layout for AC-DC and
DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Evaluation Boards (EVBs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 7: Working without a Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
384x-based Controllers on Single-sided Boards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Watch the Primary Side Current Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
And the Secondary Side Current Loop, Too. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Real “Switch”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Chapter 8: Home-Grown Strategies in Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Peeling the Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Chapter 9: Effective Bench Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Basic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Chapter 10: Effi ciency Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Ensure the Drive Is Adequate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Minimize Capacitive Parasitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Proper Design of Snubbers and Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Varying the Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
The Time-sharing Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Understanding the Shape of Buck Effi ciency Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Estimating the Ratio of Conduction Loss to Switching Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 11: Magnetics, EMI, and Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
The Wish List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Twisting and Turning Your Way Out of EMI Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Location of Clamp Affects Noise, Too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
A Cheat-sheet for EMI Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Chapter 12: Discussion Forums, Datasheets, and Other Real-World Issues. . . . . 247
Thinking Is the Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Cross-check Everything. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Product Liability Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
It’s All about the Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
The Q&A Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Ключевые теги: Troubleshooting, Switching, Power, Converters
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