CONTENTS

CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
    SECTION 0.1: NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS
    SECTION 0.2: DIGITAL PRIMER
    SECTION 0.3: SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
    SECTION 0.4: CPU ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 1: THE AVR MICROCONTROLLER: HISTORY AND FEATURES
    SECTION 1.1: MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED PROCESSORS
    SECTION 1.2: OVERVIEW OF THE AVR FAMILY

CHAPTER 2: AVR ARCHITECTURE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 2.1: THE GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS IN THE AVR
    SECTION 2.2: THE AVR DATA MEMORY
    SECTION 2.3: USING INSTRUCTIONS WITH THE DATA MEMORY
    SECTION 2.4: AVR STATUS REGISTER
    SECTION 2.5: AVR DATA FORMAT AND DIRECTIVES
    SECTION 2.6: INTRODUCTION TO AVR ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 2.7: ASSEMBLING AN AVR PROGRAM
    SECTION 2.8: THE PROGRAM COUNTER AND PROGRAM ROM SPACE IN THE AVR
    SECTION 2.9: RISC ARCHITECTURE IN THE AVR
    SECTION 2.10: VIEWING REGISTERS AND MEMORY WITH AVR STUDIO IDE

CHAPTER 3: BRANCH, CALL, AND TIME DELAY LOOP
    SECTION 3.1: BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS AND LOOPING
    SECTION 3.2: CALL INSTRUCTIONS AND STACK
    SECTION 3.3: AVR TIME DELAY AND INSTRUCTION PIPELINE

CHAPTER 4: AVR I/O PORT PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 4.1: I/O PORT PROGRAMMING IN AVR
    SECTION 4.2: I/O BIT MANIPULATION PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 5: ARITHMETIC, LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS, AND PROGRAMS
    SECTION 5.1: ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS
    SECTION 5.2: SIGNED NUMBER CONCEPTS AND ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
    SECTION 5.3: LOGIC AND COMPARE INSTRUCTIONS
    SECTION 5.4: ROTATE AND SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS AND DATA SERIALIZATION
    SECTION 5.5: BCD AND ASCII CONVERSION

CHAPTER 6: AVR ADVANCED ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 6.1: INTRODUCING SOME MORE ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
    SECTION 6.2: REGISTER AND DIRECT ADDRESSING MODES
    SECTION 6.3: REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING MODE
    SECTION 6.4: LOOK-UP TABLE AND TABLE PROCESSING
    SECTION 6.5: BIT-ADDRESSABILITY
    SECTION 6.6: ACCESSING EEPROM IN AVR
    SECTION 6.7: CHECKSUM AND ASCII SUBROUTINES
    SECTION 6.8: MACROS

CHAPTER 7: AVR PROGRAMMING IN C
    SECTION 7.1: DATA TYPES AND TIME DELAYS IN C
    SECTION 7.2: I/O PROGRAMMING IN C
    SECTION 7.3: LOGIC OPERATIONS IN C
    SECTION 7.4: DATA CONVERSION PROGRAMS IN C
    SECTION 7.5: DATA SERIALIZATION IN C
    SECTION 7.6: MEMORY ALLOCATION IN C

CHAPTER 8: AVR HARDWARE CONNECTION, HEX FILE, AND FLASH LOADERS
    SECTION 8.1: ATMEGA32 PIN CONNECTION
    SECTION 8.2: AVR FUSE BITS
    SECTION 8.3: EXPLAINING THE HEX FILE FOR AVR
    SECTION 8.4: AVR PROGRAMMING AND TRAINER BOARD

CHAPTER 9: AVR TIMER PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C
    SECTION 9.1: PROGRAMMING TIMERS 0, 1, AND 2
    SECTION 9.2: COUNTER PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 9.3: PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

CHAPTER 10: AVR INTERRUPT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C
    SECTION 10.1: AVR INTERRUPTS
    SECTION 10.2: PROGRAMMING TIMER INTERRUPTS
    SECTION 10.3: PROGRAMMING EXTERNAL HARDWARE INTERRUPTS
    SECTION 10.4: INTERRUPT PRIORITY IN THE AVR
    SECTION 10.5: INTERRUPT PROGRAMMING IN C

CHAPTER 11: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C
    SECTION 11.1: BASICS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION
    SECTION 11.2: ATMEGA32 CONNECTION TO RS232
    SECTION 11.3: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY
    SECTION 11.4: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN C
    SECTION 11.5: AVR SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C USING INTERRUPTS

CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING
    SECTION 12.1: LCD INTERFACING
    SECTION 12.2: KEYBOARD INTERFACING

CHAPTER 13: ADC, DAC, AND SENSOR INTERFACING
    SECTION 13.1: ADC CHARACTERISTICS
    SECTION 13.2: ADC PROGRAMMING IN THE AVR
    SECTION 13.3: SENSOR INTERFACING AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING
    SECTION 13.4: DAC INTERFACING

CHAPTER 14: RELAY, OPTOISOLATOR, AND STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH AVR
    SECTION 14.1: RELAYS AND OPTOISOLATORS
    SECTION 14.2: STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING

CHAPTER 15: INPUT CAPTURE AND WAVE GENERATION IN AVR
    SECTION 15.1: WAVE GENERATION USING 8-BIT TIMERS
    SECTION 15.2: WAVE GENERATION USING TIMER 1
    SECTION 15.3: INPUT CAPTURE PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 15.4: C PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 16: PWM PROGRAMMING AND DC MOTOR CONTROL IN AVR
    SECTION 16.1: DC MOTOR INTERFACING AND PWM
    SECTION 16.2: PWM MODES IN 8-BIT TIMERS
    SECTION 16.3: PWM MODES IN TIMER 1
    SECTION 16.4: DC MOTOR CONTROL USING PWM

CHAPTER 17: SPI PROTOCOL AND MAX7221 DISPLAY INTERFACING
    SECTION 17.1: SPI BUS PROTOCOL
    SECTION 17.2: SPI PROGRAMMING IN AVR
    SECTION 17.3: MAX7221 INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 18: I₂C PROTOCOL AND DS1307 RTC INTERFACING
    SECTION 18.1: I2C BUS PROTOCOL
    SECTION 18.2: TWI (I2C) IN THE AVR
    SECTION 18.3: AVR TWI PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY AND C
    SECTION 18.4: DS1307 RTC INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING
    SECTION 18.5: TWI PROGRAMMING WITH CHECKING STATUS REGISTER

APPENDIX A: AVR INSTRUCTIONS EXPLAINED
    SECTION A.1: INSTRUCTION SUMMARY
    SECTION A.2: AVR INSTRUCTIONS FORMAT
    SECTION A.3: AVR REGISTER SUMMARY

APPENDIX B: BASICS OF WIRE WRAPPING

APPENDIX C: IC INTERFACING AND SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES
    SECTION C.1: OVERVIEW OF IC TECHNOLOGY
    SECTION C.2: AVR I/O PORT STRUCTURE AND INTERFACING
    SECTION C.3: SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES

APPENDIX D: FLOWCHARTS AND PSEUDOCODE

APPENDIX E: AVR PRIMER FOR 8051 PROGRAMMERS

APPENDIX F: ASCII CODES

APPENDIX G: ASSEMBLERS, DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES, AND SUPPLIERS

APPENDIX H:DATA SHEETS

INDEX